PSYCHOLOGY

With the famous saying from Robertson Davies “The eyes sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend”. This is also a psychological behaviour.

Lets look into it know what’s psychology?

· Psychology is a branch of science that deals with mental processes and behavior.

· It is the systematic study of human and animal behavior, mind and thought.

· To pursue the career of a psychologist, one should have a genuine desire to help other human beings.

· Psychology is mainly concerned with the way the mind works.

· Psychologists study the processes, motives, reactions, feelings and nature of the human mind.

· Their treatment is based on changing the behavioral patterns of the patients without medication.

· They do counseling and help people by bringing about changes in their thought process, thus improving their quality of life.

· Psychologists need not have a medical degree.

· But they have to study several years to specialize in various aspects of Psychology.

· One can pursue Psychology at the plus two level, graduate, post graduate, doctorate.

· There are specializations in many fields of Psychology such as

1. Social psychology

2. Child psychology

3. Occupational psychology

4. Clinical psychology

5. Educational psychology

6. Experimental psychology , etc

· Psychologists teach, practice and do research or work in one of the many branches of applied psychology.

· They apply their knowledge and techniques to a wide range of endeavors, including human services, management, education, law and sports.

· Study of psychology includes a diverse range of activities such as the processes of

1. Thinking

2. Learning.

3. Perceiving

4. Remembering

5. Forgetting

And also

1. Physiology of nervous system

2. Development of children

3. Social relationships and

4. Their effect on personality development of children.

5. Mental disorders

Applications of psychology to the study of:

1. Society

2. Industry

3. Education etc.,

4. Techniques of experimenting and

5. Testing and

6. Statistics

*There is a wide variety of topics in the professional study of psychology and some overlapping occurs between the different specialized branches.

*Good at science, math , critical reading and writing will help you to have good carrer growth in psychology.

BIOSECURITY(BIO-INFORMATICS)

BIOMETRIC THE BEST SAFE-GUARD:

· Biometrics is technology that automatically authenticates, identify, or verify an individual based on physiological or behavioural characteristics.

· This process is accomplished by using computer technology in a non-invasive way to match patterns of live individuals in real time against enrolled records.

Example: products that recognize faces, hands, fingers, signatures, irises or irides, voices, and fingerprints.

PART OF BIOMETRICS IN VARIOUS FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS:

· Biometrics are most commonly used to enhance computer network security, protect financial transactions, safeguard international borders, control access to secured work sites, verify time and attendance, and prevent benefits fraud.

· Biometrics work well as stand-alone safeguards in many applications and complement other means of security in other applications.

· To verify e-commerce transactions, protect network security, and authenticate online access, biometric technologies are particularly well suited to work in conjunction with other technologies to create a multi-layered security infrastructure

BIOMETRICS:

· The word biometrics comes from the Greek words bio and metric, meaning ``life measurement''.

· By measuring something unique about an individual and using that to identify them, we can achieve a dramatic improvement in security of the key store.

· Newer biometric measurements include DNA from tissue samples, voice pattern, face pattern or even the arrangement of blood vessels in the retina or pattern of coloration in the cornea of the eye.

· The oldest and most widely accepted biometric is the fingerprint.

· The tip of every finger has a characteristic called ``friction ridges''.

· While generally similar, no two friction ridges are exactly the same.

· By imaging the ridges of the fingertips, we get the fingerprint.

SECURITY LEVEL:

· Integrating smart cards, biometrics and public key cryptography provides a solid foundation for developing secure applications and communications.

The highest level of security uses three-factor authentication:

1. Something you know (password or PIN)

2. Something you have (smart card, magnetic stripe card or a physical key)

3. Something you are (your fingerprint, retina scan or voice pattern)

AUTHENTICATION PATTERNS:

· An individual gains three-factor authentication by combining a smart card, biometric and PIN.

· If the user loses the smart card, the card is inoperable without the biometric.

· Forged fingerprints are weeded out with use of the PIN.

· In a smart-card-secure world, you are not locked into one form of authentication, such as a password or key.

BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS:

Biometric systems are :

· Automated.

· Mostly computerized systems.

· Used in Physio-biological measurements.

· Designed for detection of human body.(UNIQUE INDICATOR)

MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING

· *Medical imaging refers to the “techniques and processes used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes”

· *It also refers to study about human anatomy and other cytological changes in human.

· *As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates

· *Radiology* *Radiology* *Endoscopy* *Thermography* *medical photography* and *microscopy*.

· e.g. for human pathological investigations- urine culture, blood test

· *Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography(EEG) and magnetoencephalography(MEG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps(i.e. containing positional information), can be seen as forms of medical imaging.

· *In the clinical context, medical imaging is generally equated to Radiology or "clinical imaging"

· *The medical practitioner responsible for interpreting images is called a radiologist.

· *Diagnostic radiography designates the technical aspects of medical imaging and in particular the acquisition of medical images.

· *The radiographer or radiologic technologist is usually responsible for acquiring medical images of diagnostic quality.

As a field of scientific investigation, medical imaging constitutes a sub-discipline of:

1. Biomedical engineering,

2. Medical physics,

3. Medicine,

4. Physics,

5. Computer science,

6. Radiology,

7. Neuroscience,

8. Cardiology,

9. Psychiatry,

10. Psycology.

Depending on the context:

· Research and development in the area of instrumentation,

· Image acquisition (e.g.radiography),

· Modelling and

· Quantification.

· *Medical imaging is often perceived to designate the set of techniques that non-invasively produce images of the internal aspect of the body.

· *In this restricted sense, medical imaging can be seen as the solution of the mathematical inverse problems.

· *This means that cause (the properties of living tissue) is inferred from effect of the observed signal.

· *In the case of ultrasonography the probe consists of ultrasonic pressure waves and echoes inside the tissue show the internal structure.

· *In the case of projection radiography, the probe is X-ray radiations which is absorbed at different rates in different tissue types such as bone, muscle and fat.

· Thus medical image processing has lead to development of industrial and other upcoming and existing fields of science and technology.

****DNA COMPUTING****

INTRODUCTION:

“A computer is nothing but a device or a machine which manipulates data according to the set of instructions given to it.” This definition is well known to all of us. Now a days, computer has its own significance as a multi applicable device.

BIRTH OF COMPUTERS:

The birth of computers goes back to many decades. A computer has lion’s share in the development of this whole universe. Right from the discrete components to the silicon chip based microprocessors; the technological improvement in the field of computers is outstanding.

BIOPROCESSOR:

Computer processor manufacturer are furiously trying to manufacture a processor more compact, faster and capable. To achieve it, an inventive technological research on “DNA computers” is going to provide a path. It is a computer so powerful it can simulate the most complex and mysterious aspects of the universe.

EVOLUTION OF DNA COMPUTERS:

The unique combination of biotechnology and computer science made it possible to have a computer, embedded on DNA. The existence of it will lead to have an enormous speed of operation and billion times data storage capacity in a computer. Leonard Adleman, from The University of Southern California, invented this technology, resulting in the simpler, faster and integrate computation and execution of the task.

BIO-MEDICAL PRINCIPLES:

By using the biomedical principles of DNA and its bio medical structural advantages, DNA computer will have more number of parallel data processing buses to provide more executable instructions to be executed at the same unit time interval. Also the constructional alignments of it will provide more number of memory locations in a single DNA, for more memory storage.

CURRENT ROLE OF DNA-COMPUTERS:

As of now, the DNA computer can only perform rudimentary functions, and it has no practical applications. The device can check whether a list of zeros and ones has an even number of ones. The computer cannot count how many ones are in a list, since it has a finite memory and the number of ones might exceed its memory size. Also, it can only answer yes or no to a question. It can't, for example, correct a misspelled word

TECHNOLOGIES:

The race sees three new technologies - the optical supercomputer - which uses the tremendous speed of light, the quantum supercomputer uses qubits (instead of the standard binary ones and zeroes) and last but not the least the DNA Computer – the most strangest of all which uses DNA. Now let us delve into the not so distant past to glean an idea of how DNA Computing came about.

From Microsoft to "Bio-soft" :

In the early 1990's mathematician and biologist Leonard Adelman, the father of DNA Computing became fascinated by the parallels between DNA and computing technology. Computers use binary code which manipulates data as zeros and ones while genes consist of information encoded as strings of the four nucleotides that make up DNA: adenine(A),cytosine(C),guanine(G) and thymine(T)

Potential Technological Applications:

· Combinatorial Optimization Problems

· Hamiltonian path problem (HPP

· Solve the Boolean formula satisfactory problem (SAT)

· Performs other mathematical calculations.

Programmable Nanofabrication:

Biology uses algorithmically controlled growth processes to produce nanoscale and hierarchically structured materials with properties far beyond the capability of today’s human technology.

DNA SELF ASSEMBLY:

DNA self-assembly could be used in a variety of ways to solve this problem: molecular components (e.g., AND, OR, and NOT gates, crossbars, routing elements) could be chemically attached to DNA tiles at specific chemical moieties, and subsequent self-assembly would proceed to place the tiles (and hence circuit elements) into the appropriate locations.

Using self-assembly to direct the construction of circuits as large and complex as those found in modern microprocessors is daunting.Regular gate arrays, such as those used in cellular automata and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), are another natural target for algorithmic self-assembly of circuits.

DNA IN PARALLEL COMPUTING:

DNA is modified biochemically by a variety of enzymes. Enzymes work to cut DNA or paste them, or as copiers. In a test tube, enzymes do not work sequentially on one DNA at a time but rather many copies of the enzyme can work on many DNA molecules simultaneously thus allowing parallel computing.

Acrobatic Feats of Computation:

DNA computers are today being programmed to react in the presence of a toxin such as a cancer when they are embedded in a cell. When the DNA Computer detects the toxin it will glow enabling early detection and will carry out the necessary computations to save lives.

FUTURE OF DNA COMPUTERS:

Since the DNA computer uses molecular reactions, it is best suited for problems that require direct processing of molecules. In the future it will most certainly be used in

the study of logic, encryption, genetic programming, algorithms, language systems and maybe even lots of other interesting things that haven’t been developed yet.

ILLUSTRATION:

An airline serves six cities, but not all of the cities have nonstop service with each other. What is the largest group of cities that all have nonstop service with one another? The answer is four (cities 2, 3, 4, and 5).

Computers now solve such problems by trial and error. But if hundreds of cities were involved, a conventional computer would require years to find the answer. A DNA computer, on the other hand, tests all possible answers simultaneously, offering the prospect of much speedier solutions.

FLAVONOIDS

• Flavonoids are phytochemicals, or plant chemicals, that occur naturally in some foods.
• "Flavonoids are important for blood vessel health because they're rich in antioxidants.
• "They also help block the absorption of bad, LDL cholesterol and increase good, HDL cholesterol, ensuring optimal artery functioning."
• Flavonoids provide powerful protection against cancer and other diseases.
• Flavonoids are plant pigments responsible for the color of flowers, fruits, and sometimes leaves.
• Researchers believe that it is in the flavonoids that plants supply us with the natural, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant magic bullets so important for our health.
• Here is a list of commonly available foods and herbs that are a less expensive way to receive these powerful plant pigments.
• They may be underreported and less exotic than famous blueberry and pomegranate, but of great benefit nonetheless.
• The key is to use the right part of the plant, as delineated in this list, for full benefit.

Everyday Foods Rich in Flavonoids:

*Onion (bulb)
*Lettuce (whole plant)
*Basil (leaf)
*Cranberry (fruit)
*Garlic (bulb)
*Cabbage (leaf)
*Kale (leaf)
*Brussels sprouts (axillary bud)
*Kohlrabi (shoot)
*Spinach (leaf)
*Asparagus (root)
*Fennel (fruit)
*Soy (seed)
*Scarlet runner bean (whole plant)
*Lima bean (leaf)
*Kidney bean (fruit)
*Garden pea (shoot)
*Adzuki bean (seed)

Everyday Herbs Rich in Flavonoids

*Dill (seed)
*Tea (whole plant)
*Basil (leaf)
*Thyme (whole plant)
*Cayenne (fruit)
*Coriander (fruit)
*Peppermint (whole plant)
*Chamomile (whole plant)
*Anise (seed)